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Participles in non-finite relative clauses

clauses
participle
past participle
present participle

The present participle in a non-finite relative clause can occur if the preceding noun is the subject of the participle. Present participle clauses correspond to finite relative clauses in the active voice:

The "subject" of the participle

participle

The doer of the action expressed by the participle is usually the subject of the sentence or the main clause:

A dog was barking in the distance.
How often do you go swimming?
Grumbling to himself, Ted left the room.
Having seen the film before, I didn't feel like going to the cinema.
The car was parked outside the building.
Taken daily, these pills can be highly effective.
Have you ever tried skiing?

The difference between finite and non-finite verb forms

gerund
infinitive
participle

Finite verb forms

Finite verb forms are marked by inflection and indicate person, number and tense. A finite verb can be the single main verb in a sentence.

For example, the finite forms of the verb go are:

The forms of the participle

aspect
form
participle
past participle
perfect
perfect participle
present participle
  Active Passive
Present participle writing being written
Perfect participle having written having been written
Past participle written written