Content tagged with "indirect speech"

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Punctuation in direct speech

We use inverted commas (also called quotation marks, quotes or speech marks) to indicate direct speech. Double quotes (") are preferred in American English, while single quotes (') are more common in British English:

Reporting a simultaneous event in the passive voice

subject + passive reporting verb + to-infinitive (simple or continuous)

If the reporting and the reported event happen simultaneously, i.e. in the same time frame, we use simple or continuous infinitives, depending on whether the verb in the reported clause was simple or continuous.

If the time frame is the present:

Reporting an earlier event in the passive voice

subject + passive reporting verb + to-infinitive (perfect or perfect continuous)

If the reported event happens before the reporting, we use perfect or perfect continuous infinitives, depending on whether the verb in the reported clause was simple or continuous.

If the reporting happens in the present and the reported event in the past:

Reporting imperatives

reporting verb + somebody + to-infinitive

When we report an imperative sentence or a request, we usually use a to-infinitive structure:

Reporting questions

When we report questions, there is no inversion of the subject and auxiliary in the reported clause (the word order is the same as in statements) and we do not use a question mark.

Yes/no questions

reporting clause + if/whether-clause (with no inversion)

When reporting a yes/no question, we use if or whether:

Reporting statements

reporting clause + that-clause

When we report a statement, we often use a that-clause after the reporting clause:

Tom: I don't know her.
Tom told me that he didn't know her.

That is often omitted after certain reporting verbs in informal styles:

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